Esta,la pre-dinástica y hasta la 5ta dinastía, es la época mas misteriosa, interesante, "esotérica" de Egipto.
Engloba a las pirámides mas sofisticadas, como la de Khufu (Keops, en su forma griega).
Poco y nada se conoce de Khufu, mas allá de una estatuilla mínima que le asignan a ese Faraón.
El cuerpo nunca se encontró, y jamás estuvo en su? pirámide, ya que el sarcófago está sin terminar.
(se ven las marcas de una herramienta CIRCULAR, con paso imposible para el diamante actual, y el error de paralelismo es propio de instrumental láser-óptico. Todo esto lo confirmó un ingeniero Francés en los 2000s, al examinar in situ.
Serían "afros" los egipcios de esa época? (la chusma siempre fue parda...hace 5000 años, y hoy)
Arménidos con rojo?
Pardos "mediterráneos"?
Nop.
Esto no lo vas a ver muy seguido en los medio$...
Hetepheres II, hija de Keops, y su hija Meresankh III, nieta.
Decoración en la tumba de Meresankh III:
Hetepheres II
Hetephreres y su hija Meresankh III
Sphinx representando a la princesa Ita, hija de Amenemhat II, 1900 BC....fijate los razgos.
Sarcófago de Hetepheres II...tiene toda la pinta de ser tan perfecto como el de Keops.
Meresankh III
Cabezas encontradas en tumbas-mastabas, todas de la época de las dinastías 4-5, 2600-2300 BC...
Llamadas "reserve heads", se cree para que los espíritus reconocieran la cara de su dueño..jaja.
Porqué no los muestran nunca en los medio$?
Mirá:
Hermano de Snefrusonb
Anon
Esta debe ser de algún escriba o mercader...jaja...(esto prueba que respetaban los razgos)
Principe Sneferu-seneb
Principe Ranefer ("la belleza de Ra", "Ra es bello"), medio hermano de Keops, Hijo de Sneferu.
Kanefer, sumo sacerdote de Ptah, hijo de Sneferu?
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Esta cabeza de momia fue un misterio hasta que hace poco, porque en 2018, el FBI usó técnicas sofisticadísimas para averiguar su sexo, y demás.
Y confirmar quién era.
Resultó que era Djehutynakht, de la dinastía 12, del año +/- 2000 BC
Con MtDna (Mitocondrial) que corresponde al tipo "eurasian" U5.
Y de casi todos los restos antiguos del norte de Africa, pertenecen a ese tipo genético "eurasian", no afro negroide.
Tampoco llama la atención que el genoma de Dejhutynakht sea muy similar a los europeos, y a uno encontrado en Fenicia, de la misma época (Región con influencia nórdica blanca desde tiempo inmemorial ).
No extraña que los Egipcios antiguos pre-dinásticos y las primeras dinastías, no fueran de Africa.
Se le han hecho ADN a momias de la época Greco-Romana, y tampoco sorprende que tuvieran genes NORDICOS correspondientes al haplogrupo I2, el mismo de los Croatas y Bosnios actuales, y lugar de origen de los indoeuropeos con el haplogrupo I.
Como era de esperarse de esos "mediterráneos pardos"..jajajaja
3.4. Mitochondrial Haplotype
The mtGenome profile independently obtained from the tooth by the FBI and HMS laboratories were identical and can be found in Table S2. The haplotype (deposited in GenBank under accession number MG736653) belongs to mitochondrial DNA lineage U5b2b5, but the specific sequence has not been previously reported in the 35,942 mtGenomes stored in the NCBI GenBank database (as of October 2017). The sequence closest to the mummy’s belongs to a contemporary individual from Lebanon (KT779192 [67]); however, the two haplotypes still differ at five positions, three of them in the control region (CR). A comparison between the mummy CR and the 26,127 CR sequences from the EMPOP database produced no match.
To better understand the mtDNA lineage of the mummy in the context of known Egyptian mtDNA diversity, the mummy haplogroup was compared to the mtDNA haplogroup distribution of 668 Egyptians from various modern populations [68,69,70,71,72,73]. The dominant haplogroups among this dataset were haplogroup T (11.98%) and L3 (11.23%; Table S3). Out of the 64 individuals who belonged to haplogroup U, seven belonged to haplogroup U5 (1.05%), and three (0.5%) belonged to one of the U5b subgroups (U5b1c; U5b1d1a; U5b2a5).
The Djehutynakht sequence was also compared to available ancient human DNA sequences (Table S4). Not surprisingly, no direct matches to the Djehutynakht sequence have been reported. However, related U5b2b sequences have been observed in ancient human remains from Europe, and a haplogroup U5b2c1 haplotype was recently discovered in 2000-year-old remains from Phoenicia [67]. When only the mtDNA sequences recovered from ancient Egyptian human remains are considered, the Djehutynakht sequence most closely resembles a U5a lineage from sample JK2903, a 2000-year-old skeleton from Abusir el-Meleq
4.2. Eurasian mtDNA Haplogroups in Ancient Egyptians
At the time DNA testing was performed on the tooth, and for reasons previously discussed, very little had been published on DNA recovery from ancient Egyptian human remains. Only one publication including HTS and quality control measures was available in early 2016, which described the mtGenome sequencing of an Egyptian mummy from the Greco-Roman period. The individual belonged to mtDNA haplogroup I2 [80]. Two other studies describing mtDNA recovery from ancient African samples were also available at the time, but centered on skeletons from more southern regions of the continent. One described the L0d2c1c lineage mtGenome of a 2330-year-old male skeleton from South Africa [81], while the other described the recovery of a L3x2a mtGenome from the remains of a 4500-year-old individual from Ethiopia [82].
Given limited available data and the fact that U5 is the dominant mitochondrial haplogroup found among hunter-gatherers in Europe [83,84], the recovery of a haplogroup U5b2b5 sequence from the mummy of Djehutynakht raises the question of data authenticity, despite the molecular metrics suggesting otherwise. When the mummy’s mtDNA sequence is viewed in the context of modern mtDNA diversity, however, the observed U5 lineage could potentially reflect interactions between Egypt and the Near East that date as far back as the Predynastic and Early Dynastic periods [85]. Trade between Egypt and the Near East is evidenced by, among other things, ceramic imports to Egypt [86]. In addition, dwellings similar to those found in Palestine suggest some immigration to Egypt from more arid Near Eastern areas from the late Predynastic to the Old Kingdom [85,87]. Both trade and immigration between Egypt and the Near East continued to increase over time. Demand in Egypt for cedar of Lebanon wood (a wood available and harvested in Lebanon and Syria during the MK) led to the further establishment of trade routes between Egypt and the Levant [85,86]. It is interesting, and perhaps not coincidental, that the individual with the mtDNA sequence most similar to Djehutynakht comes from a Lebanese individual.
On top of this historical information offering an explanation for the observed mtDNA data are now additional, recently published, mtGenomes from Africa, and Egypt in particular. MtDNA haplotypes recently obtained from ancient human remains from sub-Saharan Africa belong only to haplogroup L subgroups [65,88]. However, nearly all of the remains excavated in the Northern part of the continent belong to Eurasian mtDNA lineages [63,67,74,89,90]. In fact, of the 114 mtDNA genomes now available from northern African ancient human remains, only one belongs to an African lineage (L3 observed in a skeleton from Abusir el-Meleq [74]). The deep presence of Eurasian mtDNA lineages in Northern Africa has, therefore, been clearly established with these recent reports and offers further support for the authenticity of the Eurasian mtDNA sequence observed in the Djehutynakht mummy. In the present study, Near Eastern influence has been found in an individual of high social status who lived in Upper Egypt during the Middle Kingdom.
Djehutynakht
Scientists have puzzled over severed head since its discovery in 1915
www.independent.co.uk
High throughput sequencing (HTS) has been used for a number of years in the field of paleogenomics to facilitate the recovery of small DNA fragments from ancient specimens. Recently, these techniques have also been applied in forensics, where they have been used for the recovery of mitochondrial...
www.mdpi.com
